First-aid basics: wasp stings, dog bites & cramps

These are some steps to take if a dog, wasp or involuntary muscle spasm strikes. But remember: knowing when to call emergency services is equally important.

Wasps can sting more than once, unlike bees, but they can also carry venom that can cause serious allergic reactions. If you experience symptoms other than localized inflammation, swelling and itching, seek medical help. But for a simple sting, try the following:

• Wash with soap and water.
• Apply antihistamine cream.
• Apply an ice pack to cool the area and reduce swelling.

For additional relief, you can also try:

• Apply a cotton pad soaked in apple cider vinegar.
• Tape a copper coin over the skin for 15 minutes.
• Press a slice of onion to the sting.

All dog bites pose an infection risk, and the most savage may cause severe lacerations, tendon and nerve damage — even broken bones. Treat the bleeding and watch for shock.

• Thoroughly wash under warm, running water and gently squeeze to encourage bleeding. Pat dry and cover with a sterile dressing.
• Unless you're certain that the victim had a full course of five tetanus injections as a child, consult a doctor.
• If the bite is to the face, hands or feet, or if a tooth has punctured deeply into the flesh, seek medical attention.
• If a finger or other body part has been bitten off, wash it with tap water and put it in a plastic bag or sealed container in a tub of iced water. A surgeon may be able to reattach it.
• If any signs of infection develop, such as high temperature or chills, seek medical advice promptly.

Most cramps are brief episodes of intense pain that occurs when muscles go into involuntary spasm. You need to stretch the affected muscles to reverse the effect. Drink plenty of fluids if you're prone to cramping, as this can help to prevent it.

• For a cramped foot stand on it and lean forward to stretch the muscles on the sole. Rub firmly.
• For cramp of the front of the thigh, lie down and bend the knee. Rub the front of the leg.
• For cramp of the back of the thigh, straighten the leg and massage the back of it.
• Relieve cramp in a calf by flexing the ankle, pointing the toes up.

It's important to know when to call a doctor for any medical emergency, but you should also know how to treat some things yourself. It could not only offer immediate relief, you could help save a life.